118. Многие дети испытывают слишком мало благодарности по отношению к
родителям.
119. Мой сын (дочь) не может обходиться без постоянной помощи.
120. Большую часть своего свободного времени сын (дочь) проводит вне дома.
121. У моего сына (дочери) очень мало времени на развлечения.
122. Кроме моего сына (дочери), мне больше никто на свете не нужен.
123. У моего сына (дочери) прерывистый и беспокойный сон.
124. Нередко думаю, что я слишком рано женился (вышла замуж).
125. Все, чего добился мой сын (дочь) к настоящему моменту (в учебе, на
работе или другом), он (она) добился (лась) только благодаря моей посто-
янной помощи.
126. Делами сына (дочери) в основном занимается муж (жена).
127. Кончив уроки (или придя с работы), мой сын (дочь) занимается тем, что
ему (ей) нравится.
128. Когда я вижу или представляю сына с девушкой, у меня портится настро-
ение.
129. Мой сын (дочь) часто болеет.
130. Семья не помогает, я осложняет мою жизнь.
Бланк для ответов
Примечания
Г+ 7
8
121416181Г+ 7
222426282Г- 8
323436383У+ 8
424446484J" 4
525456585T+ 4
626466686T- 4
7274767873+ 4
8284868883- 3
929496989C+ 4
1030507090C- 4
1131517191H 5
1232527292РРЧ 6
1333537393ЦЦК 4
1434547494BH 5
15355575 95ФУ 6
1636567696НРЧ 7
1737577797ПНК 4
1838587898BK 4
1939597999ПЖК 4
20406080100ПМК 4
101107113119125Г+
102108114120126 Г-
103109115121127 У+
104110116122128 РРЧ
105III117123129 ФУ
106112118124130НРЧ
Ф. И. 0.
Фамилия и имя сына (дочери)
Кто заполнял (отец, мать, другой воспитатель)___________________
Данные по валидации методики по всем шкалам: Гц=0,56; ро=0,60; п=180;
р=Ж=0,01; р<0,01.
595
Приложения
Приложения
Summary
This is new, completely revised edition of (1990,
Leningrad).
The aims of this new book were to piece together main foreign and national
results in family therapy, to survey some new ideas and our new experience in the
area, to consider new trends both in our society and in science (especially,
psychotherapy, and psychology).
Chapter I focuses upon the
ways on which the family affects the personality of its members. Some new interim
links between family and personal problems are surveyed. They are a s. c. discontentment in the family>, , < general tension in the
family>, .
These are prevalent cognitive and emotional states in a family that can follow
every its disorders. These states are side - effects of a family disturbance and add
their own disordering effect to the main cause of a family problem. The role of these
phenomena disturbing the psychic health of the family members is described and also
the dynamic and development of these states. .:., ;
It is shown that (as it often happens with unspecific long lasting pathology) after
some time these side-effects tend to become the main source in causing psychic
trauma to individual family members. Clinical and psychodiagnostical ways in
assessing these phenomena are discussed.
Chapter II considers main areas in family life and their possible effect in causing
and prolonging disturbances in the personality of individual family members.
First section deals with problems the family meets when one of its members has
some mental disorder.
Numerous investigations in the field have demonstrated very different factors
weighting down the situation in such family. These investigations also showed how
diverse and contradictory are family reactions to this situation.
Considering all these reactions a general theory ()
generalizing these reaction is suggested. It suggests that after meeting situation> a family has to take a sequence of important choices. Every of these
choices decides what will be the way for the further development of the family: 1.
rather disintegrative one; 2. rather integrative one; or 3. unstable - an unstable
balance between integratiye and disintegrative forces in the family. It is highly
important that the consequent choices in this sequence are interconnected. If a
family steps a foot in one direction it .increase the necessity to go also next steps in
the same direction.
An original program and experience in education and consulting mental ills
families is discussed.
The second section deals with rather neglected but in our opinion very
important problem. The concept assesses how precise, detailed,
full, psychologically true is an image of a family on itself. Functions of the < self -
image> in developing family structure, taking everyday and general decision was
shown.
The structure , development and functioning, main characteristics of image> are considered. Three types of family depending on how much developed is
the family are described: family with highly developed reflexive self-
image, families with stereotyped self-image and families with unreflective primitive
self-image.
It was shown that a reason for retarding the development of the self-image in a
family can be a psychological resistance stemming of some hidden conflicts. But in
fact this is only one of numerous other possible causes. There are also a lot of other
handicapping factors - psychological family surrounding, obligation-directed role
system within a family, low-level culture in the family etc.
The family self-image is shown to be important precondition predisposing a
family to very broad spectrum of disturbances in its structure and functioning. The
point is that most of family dysfunction described within different streams of family
psychotherapy suppose that family is not able to observe itself, recognize some
aspects of its life and therefore is defenseless against them. So, such very known
family disturbances like (J. Haley), unconscious reinforcement
(Azrin, Naster), , etc. can persist only under condition of
some (family is not able to notice them). It is shown in this chapter
that this is most typical for families with a rather underdeveloped
.
Ways and experience of investigating, diagnosing and development of the family
self-image and its therapeutics outcomes are discussed.
Important component of family self-image are so called
(close to - Ferreira (1966), Click Kessler (1980)). They are
some idea of family members about family life, personality of its members,
interrelations that are supposed to be evident. New ways in investigation of these
and of their interconnection with family disorders are described.
Приложения
Приложения
The third section deals with the family communication. The main idea is that all
ample literature of the topic deals only with communication channel: - it is with
communication stages that follows after the decision to communicate some message
to another family member is taken. Our idea is that the most important stage is
what happens before - the of communication channel, it is the stage
when the decision to still is not taken. In fact a family member
takes this decision by committing some mental experiment in his mind. He I, has to
recognize a situation (a problem) as one which requires to send a message to
involved family member (a communication event), 2. tries to image the whole event
(how the message will be given by him and accepted by another side), 3. what
change in situation and what further consequences it is going to bring.
During this stage the whole event is , the very possibility of it is
regarded, the content and ways of communication are shaped. This of
communication event is an individual , shaping both
mutual expectation and ways in which these expectations are precised. So, just on this
stage important prerequisites of the success or failure of a communication are laid.
So, we tried to demonstrate prospects of investigating and considering in therapy
of these zero - stage processes.
To investigate these processes we have proposed the concept of deficit>. It means that considering any family problem we have to answer - stage question: would have been able to facilitate the solution of the problem?>. After answering this
question reasons are regarded for which the very idea of communication does not
emerged. If it emerged then how went on the
in the mind of the family member, how this experiment facilitated or stopped the
communication, how it regulated way and content of a message, how a member of a
family reacted to its own decision that communication is impossible.
A lot of clinic cases are considered showing ways how a communication deficit
can be analyzed in different situations.
The fourth section considers ways in which the family solves its integration and
re-integratron problems. Three main mechanism are examined: problem- solving in
the family , and emotional identification mechanisms.
Family problems are most important engine for a family to develop its structure.
Ways family chooses to solve these problems are decisive in predicting what impact
will these problems have upon its structure and functioning. Early family therapist
(like Bell and Bowen) stressed this family ability to define and solve its problems in
a rational and effective way and also it ability to resist factors pushing it to irrational
ways in solving family problems. Later development in family therapy seems to loss
these approach and to stress views of the family. Despite of this
in this section we try to show how promising this neglected approach can be also for
modern psychotherapy. We have developed the concept of special cognitive roles in
the family.
They are ones which develop in it when it arrives a problem and tries to solve it.
Problem solving behavior within the family usually is followed by development of a
special cluster of cognitive roles. This cluster can be observed when family discusses
its real or artificial (test) - problems. The interrelation between the structure of
these cognitive roles and effectiveness of family problem solving was examined. On
this bases the idea of a rather strong boundary between clusters of cognitive roles
in the family and its usual permanent roles is presented. Such boundary is supposed
to be the main structural precondition for effective problem solving and re-
integrating a family.
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